Methane – biogas – production guide
Basic properties of methane
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| Methane – biogas – production guide |
Methane is a colourless, odourless, flammable1 gas and the main constituent, 85% to 90%, of the pipe natural gas that we use in our homes in the UK, Europe and the USA. Its chemical symbols are CH4 and its is a hydrocarbon. The theoretical methane yield can be shown to be 5.6 ft3/pound (lb) of chemical oxygen demand converted, but the exact recoverable yield depends on a number of environmental conditions. The ultimate yield of biogas depends on the composition and biodegradability of the organic feedstock, but its production rate will depend on the population of microorganisms, their growth conditions, and fermentation
temperature. Methane produced by the anaerobic digestion process is quite similar to natural gas2 that is extracted from the wellhead and piped to our homes. However, natural gas contains a variety of hydrocarbons other than methane, such as ethane, propane, and butane. As a result, natural gas will always have a higher calorific value than pure methane. Depending on the digestion process, the methane content of biogas is generally between 55%-80%. The remaining composition is primarily carbon dioxide, with trace quantities (0-15,000 ppm) of corrosive hydrogen sulfide and water.
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| Methane – biogas – production guide |
The average expected energy content of pure methane is 896-1069 Btu/ft3; natural gas has an energy content about 10% higher because of added gas liquids like butane. However, the particular characteristics of methane, the simplest of the hydrocarbons, make it an excellent fuel for certain uses. With some equipment modifications to account for its lower energy content and other constituent components, biogas can be used in all energy consuming applications designed for natural gas.
The gas made using the suggested ideas contained in this document will be made up
of methane plus other gasses or ‘diluters’ and have a typical value of 600 BTUs per
cubic foot.
Anecdotal evidence indicates that biogas was used for heating bath water in Assyria during the10th century BC and in Persia during the 16th century. Jan Baptita Van Helmont first determined in 17th century that flammable gases could evolve from decaying organic matter. Count Alessandro Volta concluded in 1776 that there was a direct correlation between the amount of decaying organic matter and the amount of flammable gas produced. In 1808, Sir Humphry Davy determined that methane was present in the gases produced during the anaerobic digestion of cattle manure.
The first digestion plant was built at a leper colony in Bombay, India in 1859. Anaerobic digestion reached England in 1895 when biogas was recovered from a ‘carefully designed’ sewage treatment facility and used to fuel street lamps in Exeter. The development of microbiology as a science led to research by Buswell5 and others in the 1930s to identify anaerobic bacteria and the conditions that promote methane production.
Methane will not ignite and burn without the presence of oxygen 2 The name natural gas was used to distinguish it from town gas made from coal or oil. Town gas was distributedaround the UK until the discovery of natural gas in the North Sea. It comprised a whole range of gases includingmethane and carbon monoxide.
Methane gas also occurs naturally as swamp gas produced from murky stagnantwater. Lightning could ignite this gas and has been said to be the origin of Willow theWisp. Indeed the term swamp gas is often used as methane gas produced by anaerobic digestion. Landfill gas is also made up of a high proportion of methane andis a good example of the commercial use of methane production where the gas is often used to drive a gas engine and electric generators.
Gas made with a digester is also commonly called biogas.
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is one of the most common chemical processes in nature.Anaerobic means the decay or breakdown in the absence of air or more specifically oxygen. The process is similar to fermentation as the transformation is brought about by micro-organisms (bacteria) called anaerobes. Like with the production of alcohol (ethanol) digestion takes place in two stages. First, in the medium of digestion certain micro-organisms break-down the materials into simple sugars, alcohol, glycerol and peptides. When these components are present in the correct amounts and the conditions are correct, a second group of micro-organisms converts these simpler molecules into methane gas. The micro-organisms are particularly sensitive to environmental conditions including temperature and acidity.
Anaerobic digestion occurs between 32o
F and 150o
F. However the optimum
temperature which promotes activity of the micro-organisms and consequently
produce more methane gas is between 85o
and 95o
F. In colder climates this is
difficult to maintain but worthwhile trying to achieve. Below 60o
F little gas is
produced.
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| Methane – biogas – production guide |
Acidity is also important with a desired pH of between 7 and 8. With a low acid content the - high pH - the fermenting slows down until the bacteria produce enough acid (acidic carbon dioxide) to restore the balance. Acidity can be measured using litmus paper.
Carbon and nitrogen are the other two components for a digester and are both required for the micro-organisms to live. However, the bacteria consume the carbon at about 30 times faster than the nitrogen. This 30:1 ratio produces the maximum amount of gas. If the ratio is not correct the bacteria will usually compensate creating the right balance within the digester.
As mentioned earlier the gas produced in a digester is not pure methane and is usually 75% methane and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) with trace amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen and other gases characteristic of the original materials used in the digester.
The slurry that is left after the digestion process is complete is mainly composed of organic humus, with small amounts of nitrogen and phosphates. This final product of gas production makes an excellent fertiliser and soil conditioner.
It should be noted that the time in starting the digester and producing gas can be as long as four weeks – but sometimes as short as two weeks. This is because the bacteria will first need time to breakdown the slurry into alcohols and sugars, before the second group of bacteria, the gas producing ones, can adjust the carbon/nitrogen mix and the acidity level for reasonable amounts of gas to be produced.
Methane – biogas – production guide
Modest experiment in methane gas production
Having read the first part of this guide many readers may want to build a methane digestion plant now and power up their houses. However, while you are waiting to build a digester large enough to process your household waste and other peoples’ waste from down the street into enough methane to heat the house, you may wish to try a simple, low cost experiment. This will help familiarise you with the fuel's production and some of its characteristics.
Here is how to put together one of the simplest and least expensive methane production experiments of all. You will need only a gallon cider jug, some sort of gas holder (a recycled, heavy-duty plastic bag) and, from the chemistry lab, some rubber tubing, a couple of tubing clamps, a two-hole rubber stopper, glass tubing and a glass "Y".
Your first step in constructing a mini-methane-generator will be to make a manometer. This is a U-shaped tube, partly filled with water, that will let you know when your little digester is producing gas, indicate the pressure of that gas and act as a safety valve (since excess pressure will blow the water out of the manometer). Any chemistry student should be able to show you the proper way to heat and form your
glass tubing.
The four inch manometer dimension shown in the drawing should be considered a maximum for both practical and safety reasons. Filling the tube with water to such a depth will give you eight inches of pressure ( eight inches water gauge is about the same pressure as the gas in a UK home) and therefore more than sufficient. Gas appliances usually operate on pressures of less than eight inches and there is no reason for you to risk blowing your jug apart with gas compressed beyond this amount.
Once your manometer is completed, you should make a "burner tip" by drawing out a piece of glass tubing in the approved manner (again, any chemistry student should be able to help you if you have never formed glass tubing before). The tip should be quite long as a precaution against the possibility of a back flash. Then attach the stretched-out burner to one arm of your glass "Y" with a short piece of rubber tubing on which a clamp is placed to act as a valve.
The other branch of the "Y" feeds directly to your gas collector through a longer section of rubber tubing (also fitted with a clamp). The experiment that wrote this
article3 made a collector from a polyethylene milk bag taken from a cafeteria-type dispenser. The cardboard cartons that fit inside such dispensers are thrown out after one use and you will find that each box contains a bag-liner. Fully inflated, the bags are somewhat larger than a king-sized pillow. Wash one out, roll it up to expel the air
inside and hook it to the "Y".
Now you are ready to place some manure in the jug. The best type appears to be a mixture of droppings and litter from chickens but, if you can not get that, try something else such as straight horse manure. As mentioned earlier in this guide the very most efficient formula is 30 parts of carbon to one part nitrogen.
This section of the gude was taken from a Mother Earth publication written by Robert C. McMahon
Mix the manure with water to form slurry and pour it into the jug. Fill the jug to about four inches below the stopper (there will be some initial foaming and you want to keep it out of the tubing). Once again the most efficient generation of methane takes place at 90 to 100°F and, if your slurry's temperature drops much below 80°, the gas production will be slow or non-existent. You will have to provide a sufficiently warm environment for your jug, then, if you want it to make gas. Bear in mind, though, that methane—carelessly handled—can explode so take suitable precautions in setting up your apparatus. Never place the experiment near a naked fire or burner. Never use a jar or tin to collect the gas in as it will contain air and therefore an explosive mixture will be made. Always use a bag or something similar from which all the air can be expelled.
Start your generator working with all its valves (clamps) closed and, after a couple of days, the water being "pushed" up the long arm of the manometer will indicate that August 2006 7 Methane – biogas – production guide some pressure is beginning to build in the jug. This first production is mostly carbon dioxide, which will not burn. (Test the gas by holding an ignited match at the tip of the burner and opening its clamp. The amount of gas in the manometer is sufficient for such a trial, although—as stated—the carbon dioxide will not burn.)
Continue the tests until a match held at the burner tip does ignite the escaping gas. This may take a couple of weeks or more depending upon the acid conditions of the slurry in your jug.
Eventually, incorrect acidity levels will correct themselves and your model generator will begin to produce methane. When you are satisfied that such production is underway, open the clamp to the gas collector and you're in business. Methane production—depending on temperature—should last for from one to three months.
And what can you do with the gas? You can burn it off through the burner tip as a graphic demonstration that decomposed organic matter really does produce usable fuel. The quantity is too small for much else. To increase the pressure of the escaping gas (and, thereby, the spectacular nature of the resulting flame), place one or more weights on the collector bag. The manometer, of course, will faithfully indicate the pressure your gas reaches during such a demonstration.
Once the thrill of watching the flame passes, disconnect the collector bag, take it outside and expel the remaining methane. Remember the residue left in the jug is an excellent fertiliser and you can use the liquid and some of the solids to seed your next batch of waste (and thereby hasten its production of gas).
The author also suggests a couple of untried refinements. If you have a fish aquarium heater available, you might try putting your jug in a bucket of water warmed by the element. This would be a significant improvement in maintaining the digesting slurry at optimum working temperature. You can also improve the burning qualities of the resulting methane by bubbling it through a lime water solution to remove carbon
dioxide and passing it over ferric oxide (rust) to remove hydrogen sulphide.
Although the above experiment is imprecise and yields only a small quantity of methane, it will familiarise you with the digestion process and, possibly, encourage you to investigate the construction of larger-scale generators that will produce usable quantities of gas.
Simple anaerobic digester
A larger digester can be made very simply. The main component required to make a simple digester is the vessel that will contain the slurry. The vessel must allow a method of filling as well as a way of extracting the gas. The diagram below is a simple digester show for demonstration purposes only, and is not meant for
construction in its exact state as, although correct in concept it does not allow for the safe storage of the gas produced.
Gas storage
Once the gas has been produced a practical and safe means of storing the gas is essential. As discussed earlier the storage container must not contain air and there must be no way for air to enter the storage vessel. Therefore the vessel must have absolutely no air in it before the gas is introduced. If not an explosive mixture will be reduced. It is never adequate to allow a gas air mixture to be formed and rely on there being no source of ignition. Sources of ignition can arise from static electricity, for example, and therefore there is always a potential source of ignition nearby.
This basic digester will produce a modest amount of methane gas. Once again it is a good model to try out in order to become familiarised with the process of methane production. This type of digester is known as a batch feed system, where slurry is introduced into the digester through a service door that is then sealed closed. After a few weeks once the conditions are right, fermentation begins. An airspace at the top of the vessel to allow the first group of bacteria some oxygen to breakdown the slurry into simple molecules and to help prevent foam produced during the digestion process to travel into the pipes. After a couple of months the batch will no longer produce gas. At this point the drain valve is opened and the decomposed matter
removed. The vessel may be flushed through but a small amount of slurry should be kept to help start the next batch.
Batch digester construction
This little digester will provide enough free gas to provide heat to cook one meal a day. Modest applications like lighting small rooms with gas lanterns and cooking are ideal for this system. It can also be a low cost build. A simple inner tube from a large tyre such as a tractor will make a perfect container for the gas as it:
• Is relatively inexpensive and easy to obtain • May be purged of air relatively easily by rolling tightly
• Automatically creates pressure for feeding the appliance • Is about the right volume for the size of the digester.
Purging the container or pipe means to remove all air from it. It cannot be emphasised enough that at no time must air be aloud to mix with the methane.The container used in this system is a standard 44-gallon oil drum. Try and get one
that is relatively clean with no rust whatsoever. Safely remove any residues in thetank with soap and water and then clean water. Oil drums are used to store a very wide range of chemicals and oils so find out what was stored in it before you flush out the contents. If in doubt look for another container that has been used for a safer
product.
A stable and secure base can be made out of a few concrete bricks or slabs. The drum when full will be very heavy. The container agould be kept off the ground to prevent rusting where possible. The drum should also be high enough to allow draining into a suitable container.
There are normally two vent holes at the top of the drum. It is best to try and use these to fill the vessel. They will need to be closed afterwards and be gas tight. If a larger access hole is required one suggestion is to use an air filter cover form an old car - some like fords had large metal air filters with one or two bolts to secure them and a rubber gasket to provide an air tight seal. After cutting out the right size hole a
cross bar could be fitted across the hole with bolts aligned to fit the air filter cover. Last, drill a snug fitting ¾” hole into the top of the drum and install the gas outlet pipe. A further hole should be drilled near the bottom of the drum so that a drain can be fitted with a valve. The materials for these pipes can be iron or copper. Plastic pipe
could be used for the drain. However some times this pipe can go brittle when exposed to sunlight.
For larger outputs two units can be constructed in series. Indeed as the units are simple and cheap to build you may wish to build even more
Suggested parts list
44 gallon oil drum
air filter housing for service door- optional
Concrete bricks for base
¾” copper piping
‘T’ joint with ½” copper reducer
Valves
Large tyre inner tube
Tyre hose – screw on type
Iron work for service door
Copper fittings- compression fittings are not recommended
PTFE tape, jointing compound, etc.
Solder and propane blow torch.
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Methane – biogas – production guide
Digester operation
The composition of the slurry will to a large extent determine the success of your
digester. To get the 30:1 ratio of carbon and nitrogen animal manure appears to be
best. Adding grass cuttings and leaves maybe acceptable but they contain little or no
nitrogen. But trial and error may help you find the right mix.
On a farm manure is readily available but in the city less so. It is then possible to mix
leaves and grass clippings with organic waste from the kitchen. This can include fruit
and vegetable peelings but not cooked food, meat, paper or cardboard.
Ideally the slurry that works best in the digester comprises:
• 3 to 4 gallons of liquefied manure
• 10 gallons of water
• Enough grass cuttings and leaves (50:50 ration) to fill the vessel within 1 foot of
the top.
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Methane – biogas – production guide
The mixture should be stirred well and should produce gas after about 2 weeks with
peak production after about 8 weeks. There will be little production after 12 weeks.
When gas is being produced – try bubbling the output through some water rather
than into the storage vessel - leave it to produce gas for several days until you are
certain that all the air has been expelled. DO NOT LIGHT THE GAS. The vessel and
pipe work may still contain air and therefore you might cause an explosion.
Then take the inner tube and remove the tyre valve. Roll the tube very tightly pushing
all of the air out of the tube. When this is complete replace the valve and screw the
valve onto the ‘T’ joint. The system should now be free of any air and ready to accept
an appliance.
You must also purge all pipes that are added to the system at this point as they will
have air in them until the gas passes through. You can let the appliance run for a few
minutes before lighting when it is first connected. Do not do this in an enclosed area
where the venting gas can build up.
Digester performance
This type of batch feed system does offer some drawbacks as will probably need the
gas each day rather than waiting for two weeks. One solution is to use two digesters
and aim for one to reach peak performance whilst the other is fermenting and starting
to produce gas.
Continuous output digester
A fairly large digester can be built from two 275-gallon boiler oil tanks. One can be
used for the digester and one for the holding tank.
A feed chamber can be placed at the end of the digester, with an airtight valve at the
top and bottom of its column.
The exhaust tube can be placed up near the top of the tank, but low enough so that
the level of the used slurry flows out of the digester (about 8 gallons) will come out.
On the other hand a pipe too low will be exhausting slurry that is still digestible. A
simple way of setting the correct height is to add exactly 8 gallons of liquid slurry
when filling at the point when the slurry just starts to overflow out of the exhaust pipe.
Close the valve and add 8 more gallons.
The holding tank should be equipped with a pressure valve measuring up to 50 pisg.
The pressure of the gas should be monitored closely and any excess gas vented or
consumed.
The holding tank cannot of course be collapsed. Therefore, a displacement method
must be used to purge it of air. Filling the tank with water to the very top ensuring that
there is no air present can do this. Once the feed line from the digester is purged –
let it run for a few days after fermentation like the drum digester – it can be attached
to the holding tank. The methane will then displace the water that will flow out of the
exhaust tube. Once all the water is removed, the valve to the exhaust tube on the
holding tank can be closed. The tank is now purged and ready for use.
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Methane – biogas – production guide
Parts
Two 275-gallon oil tanks
¾” copper tubing and fittings
50psig pressure gauge
Length of plastic hose for a site tube
Hose clamps
Valve to fit 4” copper pipe
Length of 4” copper pipe for fill tube
Funnel to aid filling
Operation of continuous output digester
1. To start the digester close all valves
2. Open valves (g) (c) and (d)
3. Fill the low pressure chute with slurry until the sight level tube shows slurry near
the top in the tank ( one foot space form the top). The slurry will seek its own level
therefore there will still be slurry in the fill chute up to the level of the slurry in the
digester. The slurry should be allowed to pre-ferment. A cover maybe fitted to the
top of the chute if desired. Remember to close valve ( c) after initial filling and
after daily filling.
4. As gas passes through valves (d) and (g) the system is purged and air is
displaced. Fit a hose to the purge fitting and place the other end of the hose in
water to check for bubbles of gas. Purge for a few days once the system is
fermenting. Make sure no air is present in the line.
5. Open valve (f) fill the holding tank full with water making sure to expel all of the
air. Then close valve (f).
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Methane – biogas – production guide
6. Open valves (a) and (e) and let gas enter the holding tank and thus displace the
water. It will be forced out of the water displacement tube. An optional extension
may be placed on top of this tube, however make sure that the pipe passes
above the top of the tank since the water will seek its own level.
7. A hose may be fitted to the water fill pipe, and the gas consumed by opening
valve (f). Close valve (e) once all water is displaced.
8. Monitor the pressure gauge daily. If the pressure is high in the system gravity will
not be enough to push the slurry down the fill chute. A circulation pump would
then have to be installed. However of the pressure is within the specified range
up to 50psig then there should be no problem. To refill daily, close all valves.
Open valve (b) and let 1/30th
of the slurry come out (this slurry is already
digested). Then close valve (b) and replace the 1/30th
of the slurry volume
through the fill chute.
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| Methane – biogas – production guide |
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E-Books available
Methane Production Guide - how to make biogas. Three simple anaerobic digesters for home construction (Jemmett Engineering Energy Guides)
Traditional providers of milk, meat and fertilizer can also be grazing fuel factories. Credit: Betsy Crowfoot
Improved biodigester, Honduras. Courtesy: Heifer International
Chinese biodigester. Courtesy: Heifer International
Taiwan biodigester. Courtesy: Heifer International
Improved oven (ecologic). Courtesy: Heifer International![[img]](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/blogger_img_proxy/AEn0k_voDIYUWz2xc9Qf_ebD2QCgPK_jNSVcwx4-k_T_8AAKFxuXIA1iHhXdMwTeWUb030RUbv5vwGsOKp7XeJ_93tUfMcK4E98FLHWDsBGPRBOFWfSu7xfIoN1LT-rg1FvkhzzGyoslKA=s0-d)
