Biogas Plant Construction Manual Fixed-dome Digester: 4 to 20 Cubic Meters download pdf

Biogas Plant Construction Manual  Fixed-dome Digester:  4 to 20 Cubic Meters 

Afghan-Biogas-Construction

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In July 2010 United States Forces Afghanistan (USFOR-A) were requested by General David H.Petraeus, Commander International Security and Assistance Force (COMISAF) to investigate the feasibility of biogas technology in Afghanistan. The leading purpose for the rural application of biogas is two-fold: alternative to burning manure and other organic material in the home, and returning nutrientrich fertilizer to the land. Research show these attributes benefit human health and the environment.USFOR-A Joint Engineer Directorate worked closely with United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Energy and Water – Renewable Energy Department (Director Amir Mohammad Alamzai), Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development, and Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock to investigate existing biogas technology in Afghanistan, identify competent contractors designing and constructing biogas digesters, and identify facilities and institutions with the potential to incorporate biogas technology. Director Alamzai provided USFOR-A contacts at the non-profit organization Agency for Rehabilitation & Energy Conservation in Afghanistan (AREA). AREA had demonstrated experience and knowledge in the design, construction and operation of biogas plants in several provinces of Afghanistan, specifically the fix-dome biogas digester made popular in Asia. USFOR-A contracted AREA to design, construct and operate an 8-cubic meter biogas plant at the Renewable Energy Department, Kabul in the winter and spring of 2010-2011. The biogas plant was completed in six weeks and fed dairy cow manure and water.The manual is based on both the Gobar biogas plant and the performance by AREA during the construction of the biogas plant in Kabul. We sincerely appreciate the support and direction from General Petraeus, Major General Timothy McHale (USFOR-A Deputy Commander for Support), Brigadier General Buckler (Director JENG), Brigadier General Mark Yenter (Director JENG), Brigadier General Mark Martins (Rule of Law Field Force), Colonel Louis Dell‟Orco, Lieutenant Colonels Dallas Olson, Butch Welch and Robert Tucker, PhD (JENG), Mr. Abdul Rasool Wardak and the folks with US Agency for International Development. We also appreciate the skill and work of Staff Sergeant Jeffrey Hart for turning rough sketches into professional Engineer designs and the financial process support of Captain Moses Wearing to ensure funding of this project through the Commander‟s Emergency Rsponse Program. We learned much about the practical design and construction of the biogas plant from Engineer Khail Shah and Engineer Arif Ulla Azimi of AREA and have shared these lessons in this manual. We especially thank Director Alamzai for his support and leadership to guide and direct the project at his facility in Kabul and of course thank the citizens of the United States of America for granting us the resources to accomplish this and many other projects to improve the security and legitimacy of the Government of the Islamic Republic of
Afghanistan.

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2011-04-27 Afghan Biogas Construction Manual FINAL

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The manual is based on both the Gobar biogas plant and the performance ..... This manual includes design and construction material quantities for the Gobar biogas plant models of 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 cubic meters capacity. Design and size of a plant other than mentioned above is feasible and a skilled ...

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Biogas Plant Construction Manual

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27 Apr 2011 – operate an 8-cubic meter biogas plant at the Renewable Energy Department, ..... This manual includes design and construction material quantities for the Gobar biogas plant models of 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 cubic meters capacity. ... mentioned above is feasible and a skilled engineer should be consulted for ...

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Design, construction and maintenance of a Design, construction and maintenance of a biogas generator (download PDF )biogas generator (download PDF )

Design, construction and maintenance of a biogas generator (download PDF )

Design, construction and maintenance of a  Design, construction and maintenance of a  biogas generator

Biogas  generators can  be used  at  household  or  community  level  to  produce  usable fuel  and  fertilisers from human and animal waste.  This  document  covers  many  of  the  technical  aspects  of  designing,  constructing  and  maintaining  a  biogas generator however does not explore the cultural, social and education facets of the project. These should be researched separately with reference made to the case studies within this document.  
  
Introduction

Biogas  generators  extract  by-products  from  organic waste  (including  human  and  animal  excreta,  food stuffs,  etc)  which  can  be  used  to  replace  traditional fuels and fertilisers. Biogas generators produce 2 useful
products:

1.  Biogas – biogas is a natural gas which can be used directly  as  a  fuel  for  cooking  and  heating  or  used to  run  a  converted  generator  for  electricity production. 
2.  Fertiliser – digested sludge from the bottom of the biogas generator and over-flow effluent water  can be used as a fertiliser for crops  The  benefits  of  biogas  generators  are  explicitly  listed below  and  should  be  made  clear  when  suggesting  the construction  of  the  biogas  generator  to  users  in  order to improve speed and likelihood of acceptance:
1.  Biogas  generators  provide  a  safe  and  cleaner  way of  storing  excreta  and  subsequently  bring  about related advantages linked to safe sanitation
2.  Biogas  generators  provide  free  fuel  for  cooking, heating and lighting
3.  Biogas generators provide fertiliser for crops
4.  Biogas  requires  far  less  time  and  effort  to  collect than other fuels (e.g. wood)
5.  Biogas  reduces  the  need  for  wood  and  therefore reduces deforestation and the burden on women of collecting wood
6.  Biogas  creates  no  smoke  and  therefore  reduces health  problems  caused  by  burning  other  fuels indoors
7.  Biogas  is  environmentally  friendly  and  does  not release  as  many  greenhouse  gases  when  burned compared to other fuels 
8.  Dangerous  bacteria  in  faeces  are  killed  during digestion in the biogas generator 




Biogas production

Literature states that the biogas production rate of human excreta  is  0.02-0.07m3/kg/day  however  the  data  varies greatly  and  is  dependent  on  many  variables  (diet,  food intake, water intake, climate, etc). Similar  variance  is  apparent  in  human  waste  production data.  Literature  suggests  that  an  average  adult  can  be expected  to  produce  1-1.3kg  of  urine  and  0.2-0.4kg  of faeces  per  day  [7]  (if  local  figures  are  available  then  use these instead).  GTZ suggest the following production rates of biogas from wastes  of  different  animals  per  day  in  warm  climates  (in addition  to  human  excreta  other  organic  waste  such  as cattle  dung  can  be  added  to  the  generator  to  increase biogas production)

 Design, construction and maintenance of a  biogas generator

Download PDF Design, construction and maintenance of a  biogas generator (download PDF )

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H2S Removal using Biofiltration A thesis Mary Elizabeth Fischer

Biogas Purification:  H2S Removal using Biofiltration
by 

Mary Elizabeth Fischer

H2S Removal using Biofiltration

A thesis
presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Chemical Engineering

AUTHOR'S DECLARATION
I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. 

I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public.

Abstract
Biogas, composed principally of methane, has limited use in energy generation due to the presence of hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Biogas cannot be burned directly in an engine as H2S present causes corrosion in the reaction chamber. There currently exist various technologies for the removal of H2S from a gas stream, but most are chemically based, expensive, and are limited in use. 
The purpose of this study was to determine a biogas purification technique suitable for a small scale farm application; including using a technology inexpensive, efficient, robust and easy to operate. As such, biofiltration was investigated for H2S removal from biogas. Factors considered in the design of  the biofiltration system included the source and conditioning of inoculum, type of packing material, and general operating conditions including inlet gas flow rate and H2S loading rate to the biofilter.  Activated sludge conditioned in  A. ferrooxidans  media was an effective inoculum source. This was tested for growth support compatibility with gravel packing material, to be used in the biofilter. The inoculated packing material was loaded into the biofilter initially during start-up and acclimatization.  In this study, synthetic biogas (49.9%volCH4, 49.9%volCO2, 2000ppmv H2S) mixed with air (totalling 4%vol O2) was added at 5-10L/hr to a biofilter of 0.4L gravel packing inoculated with conditioned activated sludge. Baseline H2S removal studies in a non-inoculated biofilter were performed with anticipated operating conditions, including an inlet gas stream at 7.5L/h (25oC, 1atm), resulting in 31-56% H2S removal. A factorial test performed found that air content in the inlet gas stream was the significant factor affecting the removal of H2S in the non-inoculated biofilter. 
Operation of the biofilter with biogas was done for 61 days, including 41 days for start-up and acclimatization and 20 days of H2S loading tests. Start-up and acclimatization with biogas resulted in complete H2S removal after 2 days, with an average overall H2S removal of 98.1%±2.9 std deviation over 34 days. Loading tests performed on the system ranged 5-12.4L/h (25oC, 1atm), with a loading rate of 27.8 to 69.5gH2S/m3
h of filter bed. Throughout this test the average H2S removal rate was 98.9%±2.1 std deviation over 20 days. Although complete H2S breakthrough studies were not performed, these results indicate that biofiltration is a promising technology for H2S removal from biogas in a small scale application. 

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BIOGAS PURIFICATION USING WATER SCRUBBING SYSTEMS (DOWNLOAD PDF )

BIOGAS PURIFICATION USING WATER SCRUBBING SYSTEMS  (DOWNLOAD PDF )

BIOGAS PURIFICATION USING WATER SCRUBBING SYSTEMS Diagram

Introduction

Biogas is the result of the anaerobic digestion process, and has a promising use in energy generation
with 40-70% methane present in the gas. Using biogas in energy production is useful not only as a
renewable energy source, but also because it captures and uses green house gases normally emitted
into the atmosphere. Biogas is presently used in heating and in turbines for electricity production.
Anaerobic digestion is the process in which organic materials are degraded by anaerobic bacteria
completing methanogenesis, and creating methane. This process is present in landfills, sewage sludge,
and biomass digesters. The resulting biogas contains 55-70%vol methane (CH4), 30-45% vol carbon
dioxide (CO2), and 0-1.5%vol hydrogen sulphide (H2S); the exact composition depending on the
feedstock and the anaerobic digestion conditions.
Biogas has limited use in energy generation due to the presence of H2S. The H2S present converts to
sulphuric acid when combusted, and creates corrosion in the combustion chamber, especially with
levels in excess of 100ppm H2S in the biogas. By removing the H2S present, the use of biogas can
expand from heating and generators, to applications such as diesel engines.

1. Download PDF File 

1. BIOGAS PURIFICATION USING WATER SCRUBBING SYSTEMS  PDF
2. Siloxane adsorption by solids in biogas purification (pdf)
3. The Purification of Biogas (GTZ, 1985, 33 p.) (pdf)
4. The Purification of Biogas (GTZ, 1985, 33 p.) (HTML)
5.  

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Design of biogas digester (Indian type)

Mohd Ayub , Adnan (2010) Design of biogas digester (Indian type). EngD thesis, Universiti Malaysia Pahang.

PDF 1215Kb

Abstract

This project deals with designing and fabricating a biogas digester which is focusing on Indian type. The objective of this project is to design a biogas digester that can produces biogas with specific flow rate. The digester that uses floating roof will produces constant pressure biogas. The specifications for the design will meet the type and specifications of the diesel engine that will run the generator. The fabrication of lab size digester was done by using 200 litres barrel. Biogas, a clean and renewable form of energy could very well substitute (especially in the rural sector) for conventional sources of energy (fossil fuels, oil, etc.) which are causing ecological–environmental problems and at the same time depleting at a faster rate. Utilization of biogas has gained importance in recent years, mainly due to the availability of cheap raw materials and environmental compatibility. Further, with an increase in the cost of petroleum products, biogas can be an effective alternative source of energy for cooking, lighting, food processing, irrigation and several other requirements. In essence, a biogas digester involves anaerobic fermentation process in which different groups of bacteria act upon complex organic materials in the absence of air to produce biogas. The efficiency of anaerobic digestion essentially depends on intensity of bacterial activity, which is influenced by several factors such as ambient temperature, temperature of digester material, loading rate, retention time, pH value of digester content etc. Therefore, for efficient performance of a biogas plant, it is necessary to regulate all the factors suitably. The rate of biogas production also depends on the ambient temperature of a particular region.

Item Type:	Thesis (EngD)
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Engineering design, Biogas, Renewable energy sources
Subjects:	T Technology > TA Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)
Faculty:	Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
ID Code:	1832
Deposited By:	Syed Mohd Faiz
Deposited On:	09 Aug 2011 12:23
Last Modified:	09 Aug 2011 12:23

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Biogas Construction Process | Download DOC File

Paper presented at the Biogas Training Programme Conducted at CARD,

Alam Village, Myitkyina.

Metta Development Foundation

Biogas Construction Process

Govinda Prasad Devkota

P.O. Box 20506 Kathmandu, Napal

govindadevkota@yahoo.com.

Introduction:

The success of the plant depends upon the construction. In this paper the construction process of the fixed dome design biogas plant developed by Gobar Gas Company in Nepal is presented.

 

Measurement of different size of biogas plants:

Part of the plant	Plants size in Cubic meter
	4	6	8	10	15	20
A	140	150	174	180	248	264
B	120	120	130	125	125	176
C	135	151	170	183	205	233
D	50	60	65	68	84	86
E	154	155	172	168	180	203
F	102	122	135	154	175	199
G	185	211	221	240	261	288
H	86	92	105	94	115	115
I	112	116	127	124	132	137
J	151	110	175	171	193	203

Note: All the measurements are given in Centimeter.

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BIOGAS PRODUCTION PRESENTATION PDF

BIOGAS PRODUCTION – A COMPLEX PROCESS
The term BIOGAS is used for every type of fermentation/fouling gases which might emerge in nature where organic compounds gather and are cut off from oxygen supply, making an aerobe decomposition process no longer possible, - like at the bottom of lakes, swamps or even in the digestive system of ruminant animals. Synonyms for BIOGAS are such words as sewage gas, marsh gas, methane. Different micro organisms are metabolizing carbon from organic matter in oxygen-free environment (anaerobically). This process is known as decomposition or anoxic fermentation and follows the food chain.

 

BIOGAS is the end product of an aerobic decomposition process. This process can bedivided into four distinct phases. During each process step, various micro organisms anda range of enzymes work symbiotically.
BIOGAS itself is a gas mixture which mainly consists of Methane CH4, Carbon DioxideCO2, and minor parts of Hydrogen Sulphide H2S, plus some other volatile Gases.Raw materials, like the following, can be used for biogas production:cattle manure, pig manure, chicken dung, slaughterhouse waste (blood, fat, entrails, andrumen content), plants waste, silage, rotten grain, waste water, fats, bio-waste, food industry waste, malt remnants, marc, distillery slop, bio ethanol plant slop, brewer’sgrain (crushed malt remnants after filtration), sugar beet and fruit pulp, sugar beettops, technical glycerine (after bio diesel production), fibre and other starch and treacleproduction, milk whey, flotation sludge, dewatered flotation sludge from municipal
waste water treatment plants, algae.Most of the raw materials can be mixed with each other.

Download http://www.scribd.com/document_downloads/biogas presentation

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